B1 · Lição 1: Present Perfect
Objetivos da lição
- Entender quando usar o present perfect
- Diferenciar present perfect x past simple
- Usar for/since, already/yet/just/ever/never
Explicação
O present perfect conecta o passado ao presente, é usado quando o momento exato não importa ou quando a ação tem relação com o agora.
Estrutura: sujeito + have/has + particípio passado (past participle)
| Pronome | Auxiliar |
|---|---|
| I/You/We/They | have (I've, you've...) |
| He/She/It | has (he's, she's...) |
I have visited Portugal. → Eu já visitei Portugal. (não importa quando, é a experiência que importa) She has lost her keys. → Ela perdeu as chaves. (e ainda está sem elas agora, consequência no presente)
Particípio passado: verbos regulares = mesma forma do passado (-ed). Verbos irregulares têm 3ª coluna própria (veja recursos/verbos-irregulares.md):
go → went → gone | see → saw → seen | eat → ate → eaten
Negativa: haven't/hasn't + particípio
I haven't finished the report yet.
Interrogativa: Have/Has + sujeito + particípio?
Have you ever been to Japan?
1. Usos principais
| Uso | Exemplo |
|---|---|
| Experiência de vida (sem tempo definido) | I have traveled to five countries. |
| Ação passada com resultado no presente | I have lost my wallet (não tenho ele agora). |
| Ação que começou no passado e continua | I have lived here for 10 years. |
| Notícias recentes | The government has announced new rules. |
2. Present Perfect x Past Simple
| Present Perfect | Past Simple |
|---|---|
| Tempo não especificado | Tempo específico mencionado |
| I have been to Paris. | I went to Paris in 2019. |
| She has finished her homework. | She finished her homework yesterday. |
Erro comum de brasileiros: usar present perfect com tempo específico. Errado: "I have seen him yesterday". Certo: "I saw him yesterday."
3. For x Since
| Palavra | Uso | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| for | duração (quanto tempo) | for 2 years, for a week, for a long time |
| since | ponto de início (desde quando) | since 2015, since Monday, since I was a child |
I have worked here for 3 years. → Eu trabalho aqui há 3 anos. I have worked here since 2021. → Eu trabalho aqui desde 2021.
4. Already, Yet, Just, Ever, Never
| Palavra | Uso | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| already | já (afirmativa, indica que foi antes do esperado) | I have already finished. |
| yet | ainda (negativa/pergunta) | I haven't finished yet. / Have you finished yet? |
| just | acabou de (ação muito recente) | She has just arrived. |
| ever | alguma vez (pergunta) | Have you ever tried sushi? |
| never | nunca | I have never been to China. |
Vocabulário: Verbos comuns no particípio
| Infinitivo | Passado | Particípio |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| do | did | done |
| see | saw | seen |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| go | went | gone |
| write | wrote | written |
| break | broke | broken |
| take | took | taken |
Diálogo modelo
A: Have you ever been to Europe? B: Yes, I have. I've visited France and Italy. Have you? A: No, I haven't, but I've already bought tickets to Spain for next year! B: That's great! How long have you been planning this trip? A: I've been planning it for six months.
Exercícios
1) Complete com present perfect:
a) I (never/try) sushi. b) you (finish) your homework yet? c) She (just/arrive) home. d) They (live) in Canada for five years.
2) Escolha present perfect ou past simple:
a) I (see) that movie last week. b) I (see) that movie three times (não importa quando). c) She (call) me yesterday. d) you ever (be) to Japan?
3) Complete com for ou since:
a) I have lived here 2018. b) She has worked there three years.
4) Traduza:
a) Eu já terminei o trabalho. → b) Você já esteve no Brasil? → c) Ela ainda não chegou. →
Gabarito
1) a) have never tried; b) Have / finished; c) has just arrived; d) have lived
2) a) saw; b) have seen; c) called; d) Have / been
3) a) since, b) for
4) a) I have already finished the work. b) Have you ever been to Brazil? c) She hasn't arrived yet.
Próxima lição: Present perfect continuous e past perfect